~1446, Ralph Ogle 3rd Baron b. Cain killed Abel and was exiled as punishment, not executed. The great central doctrines of the Christian religion, the Ransom, Justification and Sanctification, have stood through all periods of the Gospel Dispensation; 3096 Adam dies Genesis 5:5 So all the days of Adams life amounted to 930 years, and then he died. Oh, and we promise never to give or sell your name or email to others.. With more than 850 interconnected entries, the Bible Prophecy Timeline is a comprehensive study tool that allows you to explore every character and major event of the Bible, from the creation of the world to last-day prophecies. Covers the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus; the apostles; the Reformation; and the final events of earths history. That John Tyler had a son named Lyon Gardiner Tyler Sr. when he was 63 in 1853. c. Pastor Jeremy Sexton published an article in the Fall 2015 issue of The Westminster Theological Journal which demonstrates the insurmountable semantic and Cainan, being 70 years, begat Mahaleel. Shem is born: 2468 B.C.E. By Mattis Kantor. Israel was in Egypt 220 years. The Bible gives us dates to work with starting in Genesis chapters 5 & 11. There is evidence that this is how the Jews understood this passage. John then sees other events in the Revelation timeline. The ark was an immense structure measuring up to 512 feet in length. Jephthah, 6 years. 1950, Bodie Hodge b. 2091 BC. That means a date of 2933 AC for the commencement of work on the temple. In our Sunday Bible class years ago, a friend who had been a Christian and been involved in the Church for years, asserted that,"Yes, but Abraham had Click here for a full size printable version. 1878 James Edward Tucker b. The timeline supports Firefox, Chrome, Safari, and Internet Explorer 9+. Old Testament Times at a Glance. Persian King Cyrus, in the same year, allows Old Testament Jewish captives to go back to Judah and rebuild Jerusalem's temple (Ezra 1). WebGenesis 5:3 - "Adam lived one hundred and thirty years, and begot a son in his own likeness, after his image, and named him Seth." Early on in Genesis, God established days, seasons, and years. Jair, 22 years. FATA will present extensive arguments from the biblical texts that Genesis 5 and 11 is intended to be interpreted (in part) as yielding a chronology from Adam to Abraham. Your newsletter signup did not work out. WebGenesis Timeline from Adam to Abraham Watch on I have previously showed how a network diagram plotting biblical genealogies can help us follow what would otherwise be a very monotonous section of text. WebA timeline from Abraham to modern-day Israel, a Christian Bible-believer's perspective. From Moses and the Ten Commandments to Joshua's entrance and Jewish expansion into the Promised Land. If so, God created the world about 6000 years ago. Genesis 12. WebImitate Their Faith Time Line Adam created: 4026 B.C.E. The Hebrew Timeline and the King James Biblical timeline based on Usshers chronology, places creation at 4004 BC. WebTo understand the true narrative, it is imperative that we consider the timeline of events that occur in the Bible. Careys Bible has a heading noting the First Age, but, there are no headings for ensuing ages. By Mattis Kantor. Amon, 2 years. There followed seven years of plenty and, in the second year of the famine, Joseph revealed himself to his brothers (Genesis 45:6), which would make him about 39. This works out as approximately 215 years of wandering in Canaan and 215 years of oppression in Egypt. Before 2100 BC. 2984 Seth dies (aged 912) Genesis 5:8. Image. WebBible Timeline. 1922 Richard Warren Duvendack b. Then they were without a captain, until the 18th year of Jephthah. The date for Adam and Eves creation comes from James Ussher, Most believe the name Sceaf is a variant name of Japheth after the event that occurred at Babel in Genesis 11:19. The stars of heaven fall. WebPresent day time would begin with year one. Art by Sefira Lightstone. Cainan, being 70 years, begat Mahaleel. WebMore human history happened between Adam and Abraham than any other period. Where possible, entries also include links to related characters and events and a video presentation to help deepen your understanding of their place in Bible history. And an estimate of 7 to 12 years is remaining to rapture and the beginning of the great tribulation. A beautiful early example of visualizing the flow of history, Sebastian C. Adams Synchronological Chart of Universal History outlines the evolution of mankind from Adam and Eve to 1871, the year of its first edition. Therefore, it will only be necessary to add 586 years (year 587 is 3424) plus our present year to our original total of 3424 years. John Tyler was the President who held office from 18411845 and was born in 1790. The Bible says that as to the day and hour of Christs return, no one knows. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. WebEstablish the validity of the 7,000 year plan of God. Learning that we all go back to one man (Noah and ultimately Adam) only 4000 or so years ago is a great way to realize that were all One Race and One Blood with the same sin problem. The key for finding the right overall time for this interval is hidden away in Luke. Genesis 12. Abram is born: 2018 B.C.E. Next, in 1 Kings 6:1, we are told that the fourth year of Solomons reign was the 480th year after the Exodus. 2948 BC, d. 1998 BC), Bedwig (a son after the dispersion at Babel), Geat (founder of the Geats (Gatas/Gotar/Goths) in southern Sweden), Woden (Othin/Odin/Oden/Bodo) (King of most Northern Europe; b. The full genealogy from Adam to Jesus was 76 clearly listed generations, and from Noah to Jesus, it was 66. The Ebla tablets, discovered in 1975 and dated to about 2300 BC, verify the worship of pagan gods such as Baal, Dagan, and Asherah, known previously only from the Bible. They and their posterity resided in what is modern day Missouri, USA. Mahaleel, being 65 years, begat Jared. (For the Hollywood crowd, this was the bad guy in the movie Braveheart.). With the exception of Eber, none of Shems descendants outlived him. 4 And God saw that the light was good. From Adam to Noah: Genesis 5: Before 2500 BC: Wickedness Provokes God's wrath: Genesis 6: Before 2500 BC: The Great Flood: Genesis 7: Before 2500 BC: The Flood Subsides: 7502 Fondren Rd 3 Then God said, Let there be light, and there was light. When he walked the last time through the gates of the garden and the doors closed behind him with the angel guarding the way Adam began dying and time commenced, tracking his decline. All Dates are Approximate. Interestingly, I am aware of many of my genealogical lists through my father and my mother. ~1490 Thomas Forster b. You can also sign up for our free print newsletter (US only). But in my lineages case, it is possible there are gaps or errors (one possible gap is mentioned below). That key forces most, but not all, of the life spans in Genesis to be run together end-to-end. Early on in Genesis, God established days, seasons, and years. Uzziah, 52 years. Seth replaced his righteous older brother Abel, who was murdered by his oldest brother Cain in Genesis 4. WebFrom Adam unto Noahs flood are years 1656. ( 1 Kings 6:1) -Solomon to Fall of Judah. Mountains and islands move out of their place. Internet Explorer is no longer supported. Adam was the first man to walk the earth. 1468 Margaret Gascoigne b. 1824 Anne (Montgomery) DeWitt b. As with anyones family tree, the farther back you go the fuzzier things can become. Adam Clarkes Commentary on the Whole Bible, 1826. History of the Bible - Who Wrote the Bible - Why It's Reliable ? Enoch, being 65 years, begat Methuselah. WebFrom Adam unto Noahs flood are years 1656. In our Sunday Bible class years ago, a friend who had been a Christian and been involved in the Church for years, asserted that,"Yes, but Abraham had WebAdam 930 years Seth 912 years Enosh 905 years Kenan 910 years Mahalel 830 years Jared 962 years Enoch 365 years Methusaleh 969 years Lamech 777 years Noah 950 years Shem 600 years Arphaxad 438 years Shelah 433 years Eber 464 years Peleg 239 years Reu 239 years Serug 230 years Nahor 148 years Terah 205 years Abraham 175 years Shems grandson Salah, who was in the third generation after Noah, however, lived only 433 years (Genesis 11:1415). There is, however, a problem. of Genesis. The Tower of Babel. 1872, Ary Abigail (Tucker) Vincent b. Jared, at the age of 162, begat Enoch. In Luke 3, we even have a full biblical lineage from Adam to Jesus through notable progenitors, like Noah, Shem, Abraham, David, and Joseph (Marys husband), who was only the supposed father of Jesus (Luke 3:23). Other prophets predicted that Jesus would be born of a virgin (Isaiah 7:14) and that there would be a murder attempt on His young life (Jeremiah 31:15). Enos, being 90 years, begat Cainan. 2. While we believe the Bible Prophecy Timeline provides the most accurate dating available, many dates are still subject to interpretation and some educated guesswork due to a few vague areas in Bible history. FATA will present extensive arguments from the biblical texts that Genesis 5 and 11 is intended to be interpreted (in part) as yielding a chronology from Adam to Abraham. Days, seasons, and years all have significant meaning in Scripture. Methuselah dies: 2370 B.C.E. Mahaleel, being 65 years, begat Jared. Complete Biblical Timeline . WebYears remaining to the year 2033 (2033 2014): 19 years. Lamech dies: 2375 B.C.E. Jacob went down into Egypt in the year 2238 AC and, for our purposes, we will place the Exodus 215 years later in the year 2453 AC. WebAn Interesting Chronological Chart. Many years later in 5 B.C., in the small town of Bethlehem, Jesus is born to Mary and Joseph. Web6000 Years from Adam, The True Bible Chronology, Part 1 Chronology is the basis of dispensational truth. He and his wife were placed in a "garden eastward in Eden," and were given the task of caring for it (ch 2:8, 15). There are 21 generations between Queen Elizabeth II and Edward I the Longshanks; there are 25 generations between Bodie and Edward I the Longshanks. Creation to the Flood Creation: 4000 BC (we don't know how long Adam and Eve lived in the Garden before their exile.) The following is a brief summary of our calculated date of creation, beginning with the chronology found in Genesis chapter five: Timespans in the Bible are typically recorded in terms of peoples ages, events, and kings reigns. Moreover, the return of Christ will only come after other prophetic fulfillments occurand we dont know when those will happen either. Thankfully, Seth over the course of his life and as he matured, became increasingly aware of sin and began to reject the ways of his father Adam in his heart. WebAdams first two sons were Cain and Abel. In either lineage, I go back to Noah and Adam. Priam to Sceaf (presuming Sceaf is disassociated from Japheth) is found in Brian Tompsett. Thank you for signing up to receive email newsletters from Answers in Genesis. https://answersingenesis.org/bible-timeline/genealogy/an-extra-cainan/, https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2017-02-20/president-john-tyler-born-in-1790-still-has-2-living-grandsons, Noahs Flood: a Historical, Global Catastrophe, Adam (Created by God and placed in the Garden of Eden in 4004 BC; d. 3074 BC), Noah (King at the Flood; 2348 BC; b. Gaps in genealogies can easily occur outside of Scripture. The Bible timeline includes King Saul, the famous King Davidfrom whose family Jesus Christ would be bornand Davids son, the wise King Solomon, presided over a united kingdom of Israel. WebGenesis 5:3 - "Adam lived one hundred and thirty years, and begot a son in his own likeness, after his image, and named him Seth." WebThe Jews from 300 BC down to the present day wrongly set the age of Terah at the birth of Abraham at 70 which calculates an age of the earth at 4114 BC. WebPresent day time would begin with year one. Isaac begat Jacob, when 60 years old. 1669 Born in Gigglewick, West Riding, Yorkshire, England died in Dover, Delaware; Henry Cowgill I b. The full genealogy from Adam to Jesus was 76 clearly listed generations, and from Noah to Jesus, it was 66. Curt Mills, President John Tyler Has 2 Living Grandsons, US News and World Report, February 20, 2017, Early Days: Chapter 1, Concise History of the Georgians,, A son born to Japheth after the events occurred at Babel. Web6000 Years from Adam, The True Bible Chronology, Part 1 Chronology is the basis of dispensational truth. WebThe Bible Timeline utilizes the latest online technology, such as zoom-able layers, to pinpoint 850 historical events and Bible charactersfrom Adam, Obed, and Samson to Jesus, Paul, Stephen and beyondproviding context and important information through articles, complete Scripture references, historic artwork, and more. Days, seasons, and years all have significant meaning in Scripture. We are certain from Genesis 5 and 10 that Noah was in the tenth generation from Adam because all the genealogical data is given from father to son.1 After Noah, we split into three sons (Japheth, Shem, and Ham), and from there, to everyone today. Review and Herald Publishing Association: Hagerstown, Maryland, 1979. Seth replaced his righteous older brother Abel, who was murdered by his oldest brother Cain in Genesis 4. 2984 Seth dies (aged 912) Genesis 5:8. Genesis 12. Belshazzar, a king of Babylon named in the book of Daniel, was considered a Bible legend, but the Nabonidus Cylinder, discovered circa 1881, listed the king as the son of Nabonidus, verifying the biblical record contained in Daniel. Though this lineage is known, it is deemphasized and largely ignored in our secular culture that insists in recent times that we are the progeny of animals instead of Noah. ~1534 James Stackhouse b. Enoch, being 65 years, begat Methuselah. Actually, we can in some instances. From the first building of the temple, unto the captivity of Babylon, are 419 years and an half. Flood occurs: 2370 B.C.E. The next point of interest is the date of Shems death. Of course, all people after the Flood go back to Noah and Adam, according to Gods Word. Since the issuance of the book The Time Is at Hand in 1889 the Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society has not published a consecutive chronology from mans creation onward. Jehoahaz, 16 years. Eber, at the age of 34, begat Peleg. Amram, son of Kohath, married his aunt Jochebed, and lived for 137 years. Mountains and islands move out of their place. WebBiblical Timeline From Adam To Jesus. For when Adam was 150 years old he begat Seth. WebEstablish the validity of the 7,000 year plan of God. Thus we have the following calculation for the present year.-- We know Shems lineage includes ages of birth and death, but not Japheths lineage. Lyon Tyler Sr. had sons in 1924 (Lyon Tyler Jr.) and 1928 (Harrison Tyler), when he was 71 and 75 respectively. WebBible Question: I'd like to know if you have a chart, or access to one, of the genealogy from Adam and Eve to Jesus. The Bible Timeline The Bible is a collection of 66 books and letters written by more The truth is that Terah was 130 years old, which calculates age of the earth according to Seth being 105 years, begat Enos. Abram is born: 2018 B.C.E. Just click on one of the three Ages above to get started. The average age of the preceding four generations when their first son was born was 75. WebAdam 930 years Seth 912 years Enosh 905 years Kenan 910 years Mahalel 830 years Jared 962 years Enoch 365 years Methusaleh 969 years Lamech 777 years Noah 950 years Shem 600 years Arphaxad 438 years Shelah 433 years Eber 464 years Peleg 239 years Reu 239 years Serug 230 years Nahor 148 years Terah 205 years Abraham 175 years WebA timeline from Abraham to modern-day Israel, a Christian Bible-believer's perspective. WebA timeline from Abraham to modern-day Israel, a Christian Bible-believer's perspective. How Many Human Generations Are There from Adam Until Today? Each entry in the Timeline contains a brief but insightful article with interesting facts about the person or event, plus artwork and full Scripture references and passages to help you find it in the Bible. A recreation can be found and closely examined at the David Rumsey Map Collection, which allows you to zoom in on any part Did they have children much later as Noah did (e.g., at age 500)? Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Usshers chronology divided the worlds history into six ages, from creation to the fall of Jerusalem. The Kohath begat Amram at the age of 67 years. Stackhouse b. History of the Bible - Who Wrote the Bible - Why It's Reliable ? Methuselah dies: 2370 B.C.E. Lamech, being 182 years, begat Noah. ~1505 Sir William Heron of Ford b. FATA will present extensive arguments from the biblical texts that Genesis 5 and 11 is intended to be interpreted (in part) as yielding a chronology from Adam to Abraham. This will give us the total number of years of man on earth since the creation of Adam. Manasses, 55 years. WebTo understand the true narrative, it is imperative that we consider the timeline of events that occur in the Bible. In 516 - 515 work on rebuilding the temple is completed. Adam will eventually return to this place. Noah dies: 2020 B.C.E. From Israel's fall to exile in Babylon and the major prophets declaring the coming Messiah. This will give us the total number of years of man on earth since the creation of Adam. WebBible History Timeline Chronology 4004 BC- 3004 BC Adam to Methuselah 3004 BC 2348 BC Noah to the Flood 2348 BC 2004 BC the Flood to Abraham 2004 BC 1754 BC Abraham (Shem dies) 1754 BC 1504 BC Joseph in Egypt 1504 BC 1254 BC Exodus 1254 BC 1004 BC Judges to Solomon 1004 BC 754 BC Division of Kingdoms So the rest of the years, that is to say, 130, are divided between Amram and Kohath. Deborah, 40 years. ~1520-1530, John Stackhouse b.1550 Ellen Clark b. ( 1 Kings 6:1) -Solomon to Fall of Judah. By Mattis Kantor. Genesis 11. Purchase > Comprehensive Chart: Adam to You Covers the history of the Jewish nation, from Moses and the Exodus to King David and the prophets Daniel and Isaiah. I am in no position to ever inherit that throne! The Pontus Pilate inscription, discovered at Caesarea Maritima in 1962, provides historical evidence of a key player in the crucifixion of Jesus. claimed to have defeated the king of the House of David.. Art by Sefira Lightstone. 480 years passed from the Exodus to the building of the Temple of Solomon. Ive heard this titles question many times over the years. WebThe Bible Timeline utilizes the latest online technology, such as zoom-able layers, to pinpoint 850 historical events and Bible charactersfrom Adam, Obed, and Samson to Jesus, Paul, Stephen and beyondproviding context and important information through articles, complete Scripture references, historic artwork, and more. From the rise of the antichrist, the mark of the beast, to the return of Christ and paradise restored. WebBiblical Timeline From Adam To Jesus. As most of Jacobs family seems to have been born during the 20 years that he was in Haran, it appears that the twins Jacob and Esau were about 70 when the deception over the birthright occurred. WebAdams first two sons were Cain and Abel. The 244-year difference is due to differences in calculations during the period when dates have to be determined by relationship to other events as exact time frames and relative dates are not given. Fulfilled in A.D. 70. Click here for a full size printable version. Mahaleel, being 65 years, begat Jared. Begat Isaac when 100 years old, in the 25th year of his departing. The time implied by this interval is captured in the genealogies of Genesis 5 and 11. Kings of the earth, great men, rich men, chief captains, mighty men, everyday men are hiding in the dens and rocks of the mountains. All calculated years in this study and the fig tree generation are estimates. Amaziah, 29 years. There are 66 generations from Noah to Christ, and there are 77 generations from Noah to me. Enos, being 90 years, begat Cainan. SDA Bible Commentary Reference Series. Full Timeline Old Testament New Testament Sources; Old Testament. Its possible then that these are two separate lineages were convoluted. All dates are approximate. Subtract two to put us at the level of first cousins (19 and 23), and this makes the Queen of England, Elizabeth II, my 42nd cousin (by the common usage method (CU) not the consanguinity method [e.g., degrees and removals]).10. WebThe following timeline of the Old Testament has been compiled with the assumption that the genealogies are literal and complete. Serug, being 30 years, begat Nahor. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. AD 848; first overlord of all England; began reign AD 872, d. AD 900/901), Princess/Queen Margaret (daughter of Edward; m. to King Malcolm II Caenmor of Scotland) d. 1093, Queen Eadgith/Edith (Matilda of Scotland) (Daughter of Margaret and Malcolm III) b. WebThe Bible tells us Adam was 130 at the birth of Seth. Methuselah dies: 2370 B.C.E. WebBible Question: I'd like to know if you have a chart, or access to one, of the genealogy from Adam and Eve to Jesus. Noah had his Ark to be mercifully spared from the judgment of the Flood, and we all have Jesus Christ, the foreshadowed Ark of salvation to spare us from the judgment to come. Jared, at the age of 162, begat Enoch. 1302, Margaret Marshall Plantagenet b. Originally, he resided in the Garden of Eden, with his wife Eve. Noah is born: 2970 B.C.E. The full genealogy from Adam to Jesus was 76 clearly listed generations, and from Noah to Jesus, it was 66. If so, God created the world about 6000 years ago. 2 The earth was formless and empty, and darkness covered the deep waters. Jehoram, 8 years. Cains sacrifice (fruit of the ground) was not acceptable because it was not according to Gods word and was rejected. Through one of my mothers lineages, my genealogy connects to the same lineage as the Queen of England. All years are approximate. From Adam unto Noahs flood are years 1656. The product of plant and tree was to be their food (ch 1:29). By tallying these up, we arrive at our Lord Jesus Christ being my 139th cousin (CU) in this lineage. WebChart 1 From Adam to Moses (dates are approximate) Image. This brief timeline represents key events that happened in the Bible: In the beginning : Creation (Genesis 1) Very early: Adam and Eve (Genesis 23) Still quite early: Noahs flood (Genesis 69) Around 2000 b.c.e . You're almost done! WebMore human history happened between Adam and Abraham than any other period. SETH:Lifespan: 912 years. Bible Timeline 2010 by Rich Valkanet, Discovery Bible and Biblos.com.All Dates are Approximate. WebAn Interesting Chronological Chart. The prophet Micah said the Messiah would be born in Bethlehem (Micah 5:2). A beautiful early example of visualizing the flow of history, Sebastian C. Adams Synchronological Chart of Universal History outlines the evolution of mankind from Adam and Eve to 1871, the year of its first edition. Again, an approximation. Again, there remain 21 generations between Queen Elizabeth II and Edward I the Longshanks; there are 25 generations between Edward I the Longshanks and me (Bodie Hodge). Adam will eventually return to this place. Houston, TX 77074 Jared, at the age of 162, begat Enoch. In these two lines, I have a range from 87 to 103 generationsor 88 to 104 if you count my children. From Adam to Noah: Genesis 5: Before 2500 BC: Wickedness Provokes God's wrath: Genesis 6: Before 2500 BC: The Great Flood: Genesis 7: Before 2500 BC: The Flood Subsides: Abram is born: 2018 B.C.E. 1359, Matilda Maud Grey b. WebThe Bible tells us Adam was 130 at the birth of Seth. From clearly marks the beginning of each age, however. SETH:Lifespan: 912 years. (281) 649-3000 WebGenesis 10. Privacy Policy and Josephus, a trusted historian, reports that Roman invaders dug up the very foundations of the temple. WebChart 1 From Adam to Moses (dates are approximate) Image. WebGenesis 5:3 - "Adam lived one hundred and thirty years, and begot a son in his own likeness, after his image, and named him Seth." When he walked the last time through the gates of the garden and the doors closed behind him with the angel guarding the way Adam began dying and time commenced, tracking his decline. In recent years, especially since the revising of our dates back from Jerusalems destruction and reconstruction in the 7th and 6th centuries before Image. This rapid Israeli growth explains why there are more generations from Noah to Jesus down the line of Shem than there are generations from Japheth to me (Bodie). This brief timeline represents key events that happened in the Bible: In the beginning : Creation (Genesis 1) Very early: Adam and Eve (Genesis 23) Still quite early: Noahs flood (Genesis 69) Around 2000 b.c.e . The gaps in Matthew were intentional and without chronological data like Genesis 5 and 11. So 69 weeks amount to 483 years; for, from the said year of Darius, unto the 42nd year of Augustus, in which year our Saviour Christ was born, are just and complete so many years, whereupon we reckon, that from Adam unto Christ, are 3974 years, six months, and ten days; and from the birth of Christ, unto this present year, is 1801. These living grandsons are only the third generation!11. A gap will not give millions of years, so dont bother even considering it. Jerusalem was re-edified and built again after the captivity of Babylon, 70 years. 1157) b. This Bible timeline offers a fascinating study of the long history of God's Word from the beginning of creation to present-day translations. Abimelech, 3 years. This will give us the total number of years of man on earth since the creation of Adam. Athaliah, the queen, 7 years. Jehovah decrees the end of the pre-Flood world: 2490 B.C.E. 1382 Sir Robert Ogle, Warden of Roxborough Castle b. Salah, being 30 years old, begat Eber. He finished His creation in a six-day timeframe, and then rested on the seventh day. All calculated years in this study and the fig tree generation are estimates. Shem was in the first generation after Noah where Togarmah was the third generation after Noah. ~1704 Mary Boulton b. 3 Then God said, Let there be light, and there was light. WebGenesis Timeline from Adam to Abraham Watch on I have previously showed how a network diagram plotting biblical genealogies can help us follow what would otherwise be a very monotonous section of text. Those same passages laid out on a timeline shows us how the ages of fathers and sons build up into the chronology visualized above. God Sends Abram to Egypt. From the legalization of Christianity under Constantine to the persecution of the Dark Ages.. From the great reformers, such as Luther and Wycliffe, to the expansion of the Protestant movement.