She received her bachelors degree from Etvs Lornd University (ELTE) in Budapest. In Pavlov's famous experiment, he demonstrated classical conditioning by ringing a bell before feeding dogs. Schmid Masts research has centered on how individuals in dominance hierarchies interact with one other, both how they perceive their social interaction partners-above them, below them, and on the same hierarchical level with themand how they communicate, both verbally and non-verbally. The IASL also employs the latest in high-tech brain-imaging techniques. In particular, he has studied subjects ability to manipulate in their imagination representations of three-dimensional objects projected onto a plane-a task called mental rotation. Correlatively, Pargament has identified four attitudes toward religion on the part of psychotherapists: rejectionists, who disdain religion and refuse to recognize any therapeutic value in it; exclusivists, who regard religion as an essential component of therapy for everyone regardless of belief; constructionists, who are willing to incorporate religion into therapy, but who deny the objective existence of transcendent (or any other) reality; and pluralists, who recognize the reality of the transcendent, but also acknowledge the validity of different approaches to it. The study of biological psychology can be dated back to Avicenna (980-1037 C.E. Rosch is the author or co-author of many peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and the co-author or co-editor of two books. His lines . While many on our list have a foot in more than one disciplinary camp, to be included here their main academic position had to be located within either a psychology department or a psychiatry department (within a medical school). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The recipient of a large number of awards, grants, fellowships, consultancies, board membership appointments, invited lectureships, and honorary degrees, as well as numerous presentations, lectures, talks, and radio and television interviews directed towards popular audiences, Zimbardo is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA), the American Psychological Society (APS), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS). Linehan was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1943. After leaving medical school, Lewis worked full-time for the next 10 years as a freelance journalist, photographer, and writer. More specifically, Sternberg has postulated that broad-spectrum human intelligence consists of three main components or modules: Sternberg later developed the Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test to measure this broader range of intelligence. Bandura first came to prominence for his work on aggression, particularly in children and adolescents. Some biopsychological techniques measure neural activity. Psych 101 is a general psychology text adapted to an online guided format, which summarizes the major theories . He was also knighted for his achievements and was also made a Fellow of The Royal Society. Seligman is a pioneer of so-called positive psychology-the psychology, not of the many forms of neurosis and unhappiness, but of what makes people happy. In 1949, he emigrated to Canada, where he obtained his bachelors and masters degrees in psychology at the University of Toronto. Ekman has published some 170 peer-reviewed journal articles or book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of some 15 books. In his later years, Fahrenberg also published a number of articles on the history of psychology as a scientific discipline, the philosophy of science, and the conceptual interactions between psychology and philosophy. Damon was born in Brockton, Massachusetts, in 1944. He did not deny the reality of a fundamental underlying personality altogether, but claimed that its expression is highly complex, and best characterized in terms of contextualized, conditional (if-then) patterns of behavior. 8. Biological psychology examines the relationship between mind and body, neural mechanisms, and the influence of heredity on behavior. Cognitive psychology is mainly concerned . 5. Albert Bandura Age: 97 Birthplace: Mundare, Canada Albert Bandura (; born December 4, 1925) is a Canadian-American psychologist who is the David Starr Jordan Professor Emeritus of Social Science in Psychology at Stanford University. She is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) and a Charter Fellow of the American Psychological Society. In spite of the popularity of this influential idea, however, Seligmans reputation today rests equally or more on his work on the wellsprings of resilience in human characterthe personality traits that make for what he terms authentic happiness. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS). Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a comparatively new technique usually used with human subjects in which a magnetic coil applied to the scalp causes unsystematic electrical activity in nearby cortical neurons which can be experimentally analyzed as a functional lesion. His perceptive observations of animals resulted in his famous book on natural selection, which started an evolutionary revolution in the world of science. 1. He is currently Professor of Cognitive (including Biological) Psychology at the University of Leipzig, where he also directs the BioCog group of the International Max Planck Research School on the Neuroscience of Communication: Structure, Function, and Plasticity (IMPRS NeuroCom). Famous Psychologists & Theories - Psychology - NorQuest College The extravagant antlers of the extinct Irish elk are often cited as a case in point. [9] The influential work of Claude Bernard, Charles Bell, and William Harvey helped to convince the scientific community that reliable data could be obtained from living subjects. In more recent years, he has been involved in the development of intelligent tutoring systems. research methods, psychodynamic, humanism, cognitive psychology, behaviorism, and biological psychology. Kahneman has authored or co-authored some 170 peer-reviewed journal article and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of seven books. Note: Walter Mischel passed on September 12, 2018. She received her bachelors degree summa cum laude in English literature in 1958 from Swarthmore College, her masters degree in clinical psychology in 1961 from Radcliffe College, and her Ph.D. in social psychology in 1964 from Harvard University. Five Key Theories In Psychology | BetterHelp Schrgers work carries on the great tradition of what used to be called psychophysics, which was in fact the beginning of the science of psychology as an intellectual discipline distinct from philosophy and the moral sciences (as work in what we would now call the social sciences used to termed) in the nineteenth century. As a result, the bulk of literature in biological psychology deals with mental processes and behaviors that are shared across mammalian species, such as: Sensation and perception; Motivated behavior (hunger, thirst, sex); Control of movement; Learning and memory; Sleep and biological rhythms; Emotions. After a seventh-grade course in biology, she became fascinated with genetics and what shapes a human. He opened the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879. According to Seligmans theory, the phenomenon of learned helplessness lies at the root of clinical depression and related mental illnesses. For instance, in a celebrated series of experiments involving the presentation of letters of the alphabet to a subject, Posner determined that physically determining whether two letters match has the shortest RT (= the easiest task in terms of computational resources), while applying a rule to determine whether two letters belong to the same category (e.g., vowel vs. consonant) has the longest RT (= the most difficult task), with name matching falling in the middle. Schmid Mast has published over 100 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters during the past 10 years alone (20072017), and is the author or co-editor of three books. John Bowlby, Maternal Care and Mental Health. Tulving was born in the town of Petseri in the short-lived first Republic of Estonia in 1927. The question then, is how do these separate and entirely different aspects of living beings, the mind and the body, relate? Sigmund Freud - Freud is perhaps the most well-known psychologist in history. More specific projects that have grown out of this overriding interest include the exploration of moral judgments in babies, of the role that anger, disgust, and empathy play in the moral lives of adults, of our commonsense understanding of ourselves as possessing free will, of the nature of pleasure (especially, the pleasure we derive from fiction), of the psychology of religious belief and atheism, and of our commonsense feeling that our self, or soul, is separate from our body. Her work has centered on ecological psychology as it relates to the cognitive development of children, especially the way in which Gibsonian affordance theory throws light on how the mental manipulation of make-believe objects in childrens play is possible, how this unique cognitive capacity develops, and the important role it plays in healthy adult cognitive performance. Following undergraduate and graduate studies in psychology, sociology and philosophy in Freiburg, London, and Hamburg, Fahrenberg did his doctoral and post-doctoral work at the University of Freiburg, completing his Habilitationsschrift on the psychophysiological roots of personality there in 1966. One approach is a perspective (i.e. Loftus is the author or co-author of close to 600 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor more than 20 books. He is known to be the premiere psychologists to have separated philosophy from psychology so as to understand human mind as an individual entity. He received his bachelors degree in 1972 from Harvard College, and his doctorate in 1976 from Oxford University. He received his bachelors degree in philosophy in 1985 from Yale University, and his Ph.D. in psychology in 1992 from the University of Pennsylvania. Below, we take a look at seven famous psychological experiments that greatly influenced the field of psychology and our understanding of human behavior. Rutter is the author or co-author of more than 400 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and the author, co-author, or editor of some 40 books. Haidts work has focused on the social effects of various aspects of moral judgment and subconscious decision-making. Tulving is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the US National Academy of Sciences, and the Royal Society of London (FRS). Mystery bundle of pins - almost 50% off my bulk pricing but what you get is a mystery! Gergen has published more than 500 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as popular articles, op-eds pieces, and the like. It also addresses topics such as behavior-changing brain lesions, chemical responses in the brain, and brain-related genetics. Donald Hebb - The Decision Lab Evolutionary Psychology - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Zimbardo is the author or co-author of well over 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor of more than 20 books. Davidson is famous for espousing Buddhist traditions of mindfulness and meditation as important empirical phenomena worthy of scientific investigation, as well as important techniques for achieving inner peace and spiritual growth. Leibniz believed that mind and body are separate but that their activities directly parallel each other. Kahneman received his bachelors degree in psychology and mathematics in 1954 from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. This allies biological psychology closely with comparative psychology, evolutionary psychology, and evolutionary biology. Mischel found that many years later children who were able to delay gratification had superior academic achievement, greater family and job stability, and even higher earnings. Jonathan Haidt, The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail [PDF]: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment, Psychological Review, 2001, 108: 814834. These findings were revolutionary in several respects, not least in light of their cross-modal character (vision and proprioception), which implied the existence of a highly developed innate cognitive faculty in newborns. The focus of study of physiological psychology is the neural mechanisms of perception and behavior through direct manipulation of the brains of nonhuman animal subjects in controlled experiments. She received her bachelors degree with highest honors in mathematics and psychology in 1966 from the University of California, Los Angeles, and her masters degree and her Ph.D., both in mathematical psychology, in 1967 and 1970, respectively, from Stanford University. He is currently Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Stanford University. Studying relations between mind and body can greatly inform our understanding of . Ariely and other behavioral economists (see Daniel Kahneman, below) replace this vastly over-simplified presupposition with a more realistic analysis of human motivation that takes into account many more factors that go into making real-world decisions. This claim flies in the face of the deeply entrenched relativism within the field of cultural anthropology. Asch, Solomon - Conformity Experiment. And/or possibly the fronto-orbital cortex. Wundt, better known as the father of psychology, has made unique contributions in the field of cognitive psychology. Today, he is Professor of Psychology (with a joint appointment in Computer Science) at Carnegie Mellon University. See behavioral science. He is currently Professor of Psychology at the University of York in the UK. Psychoananalytic, behaviourist, biological and cognitive psychology Biological psychology also has paradigmatic and methodological similarities to neuropsychology, which relies heavily on the study of the behavior of humans with nervous system dysfunction (a non-experimentally based biological manipulation). Banduras self-efficacy model is often considered to be a forerunner of todays popular cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT). Dieners work has also thrown into question the long-standing belief that most people have predetermined set-points for subjective well-being which even highly negative life events (death of spouse, loss of job) do little to change over time. Another result from her experimental studies was the notion that hierarchical taxonomic structures (for example, chair/furniture) are not arbitrary, but built up out of a bottom layer of most-basic elements. As a result, a critical assumption in biological psychology is that organisms share biological and behavioral similarities, enough to permit extrapolations across species. He is also the author, co-author, or editor of some dozen books. The word psychology literally means the study of the soul (from the Greek: , or psukh). He soon moved to the U.S. and earned his MA in 1951 and PhD in 1952 at the University of Iowa. Each of these maintained, but for different reasons, that human "intelligence" (a faculty of the mind or soul) could not be identified with, or explained in terms of, his physical body. In his path-breaking early work, Anderson collaborated with Herbert Simon and other giants in the history of cognitive science. Tomasello has been elected a fellow of the national academies of science of Germany, Hungary, and Sweden. Wiesel. Gardner has close to 500 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters to his credit, not to mention several hundred op-ed pieces, essays, blog posts, and other articles aimed at a popular audience. In a nutshell, the all-nurture (or blank-slate) theory of human reasoning ability is now untenable in light of Gopniks findings. She has written for the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, the Los Angeles Times, the Times Literary Supplement, and Scientific American, among other publications. Experiment Details: Jane Elliott's famous experiment was inspired by the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the inspirational life that he led. His early work in psycholinguistics is too complex to go into here, but in a nutshell, he worked out through painstaking observations on young children some of the ways in which the verbal morphology of a childs native language is inferred from the limited examples available to it. Rosenzweig, and N.V. Watson. Loftus (ne Fishman) was born in Los Angeles, California, in 1944. He suggested replacing Bowlbys single-causal-factor model with a multivariate analysis of vulnerability factors. Even though Darwin was not a psychologist, his theories have . This involves a bundle of fine electrodes to record the simultaneous activity of up to hundreds of neurons. Haidt was born in New York City in 1963. 20 Famous Psychologists and Their Theories - Explore Psychology Psychologists and . The recipient of numerous awards, grants, fellowships, lectureships, and honorary degrees, in 2013 Gopnik was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Breedlove, S. M., M.R. In recent years, Kagan has turned his attention to a series of problems he finds with the psychological profession itself, including: disregarding the difference in settings in which experimental studies are conducted; basing theories and practices on single measures, rather than complex, multi-dimensional measurements; defining mental illnesses on the basis of symptoms without regard for etiology; and treating disorders with drugs that are non-specific for the disorder. Alternate titles: physiological psychology. Next, Kagan turned his attention to temperament-relatively stable personality types. Eminent psychologists of the 20th century. Benedict Carey, Expert on Mental Illness Reveals Her Own Fight (New York Times, Health section, June 23, 2011). After spending the war years in hiding in Nazi-occupied France, the family emigrated to Israel permanently in 1948. Flow is Csikszentmihlyis term for the positive feelings associated with the experience of being completely absorbed in a task. Barrett (ne Feldman) was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in 1963. He earned his bachelors degree in 1976 from the University of Texas at Austin, and his Ph.D. in 1981 from the University of California, Berkeley. [8] He earned his bachelors degree in biology and psychology in 1987 from Columbia University, and his Ph.D. in experimental psychology in 1993 from Stanford University. The result was his first book, originally published in 1977, on the different types of meditative techniques that he found there. On a more theoretical plane, the protocol may facilitate various inferences about the nature of the neural computations underlying attention. In addition to receiving numerous awards, grants, fellowships, lectureships, and honorary degrees, in 1985 Rutter was named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), and in 1987 he was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society(FRS). These include immersive virtual environment technology and computer-based automatic sensing. Physiologists conducted experiments on living organisms, a practice that was distrusted by the dominant anatomists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In some cases (for example, studies of motor cortex), this technique can be analyzed as having a stimulatory effect (rather than as a functional lesion). In 2010, he was invited to give the prestigious Tanner Lectures on Human Values at the University of Michigan. He is currently Professor of Psychology at the University of Texas at Austin. He has received numerous awards, grants, fellowships, honorary degrees, and visiting professorships, and acts as an editorial board member or reviewer for around 60 professional journals. ", Thorndike, Edward. Spelke was born in New York City in 1949. 4 Behavioral Theorists That Made Their Mark On Psychology For example, most subjects exaggerate the satisfaction they believe they will derive from possessing objects in comparison with having experiences (vacations, entertainment) and cultivating social ties with family and friends. The idea here is that we have an inborn propensity to give certain elements of a category (for example, robin in relation to the category bird) a more central role in drawing the categorys boundaries, while relegating other elements (ostrich) to a more peripheral role. 1. In addition, Berridges works addresses still more complex issues, such as the neural basis of learning, the causes of addiction, the neurobiological relation between desire and fear, and the neurobiological relation between consciousness and emotion (can there be unconscious emotions?). According to the theory, many common IQ tests themselves fail to distinguish adequately between linguistic intelligence (verbal fluency), logico-mathematical intelligence (numeracy), and spatial intelligence (the ability to manipulate 2- and 3-D shapes), while several other types of intelligence are not measured at all by standard tests, including kinesthetic intelligence (athletic ability), interpersonal intelligence (social/emotional skill), intrapersonal intelligence (self-knowledge), and aesthetic intelligence (artistic/musical ability). Blooms early work was primarily in language acquisition-the process by which infants and toddlers come to acquire the ability to understand and produce human speech. After his military service in the Israeli Defense Forces, Kahneman went to the US, where he received his Ph.D. in psychology in 1961 from the University of California, Berkeley. Skinner, B. F. (1947). While his ideas were often controversial, his concept of the unconscious mind has had a deep and lasting influence on psychology. During the early part of his academic career, Goleman arranged for several extended stays in India and Sri Lanka, in pursuit of his interest in Asian traditions of meditation. Cosmides was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1957. He is currently the David Starr Jordan Professor Emeritus of Social Science in Psychology at Stanford University. 6. He received his bachelors degree in 1950 from Rutgers University, and his Ph.D. in Psychology in 1954 from Yale University. Another protocol that Posner has played a crucial role in popularizing within the cognitive psychology community is the so-called subtractive method, which basically attempts to decompose a complex cognitive task into a sequence of simpler operations by comparing the effects of the presence and the absence of a given operation. Simply put, affective forecasting is the calculation we all make all the time, consciously or subconsciously, when faced with any decision-generally speaking, we choose the option or the course of action that we believe will lead to the greatest increase in our overall happiness. The first school of psychology was developed by a German philosopher, Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (1832-1920). Eleanor Rosch, Principles of Categorization [PDF], in Eleanor Rosch and Barbara B. Lloyd, eds., Cognition and Categorization. She is currently Marshall L. Berkman Professor of Psychology in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University, as well as a member of Harvards Graduate School of Education and Director of the universitys Laboratory for Developmental Studies. 10 Women Who Helped Change Psychology - Verywell Mind However, the studies Ekman has carried out to back up these claims have come under sustained criticism. Kahneman is chiefly known for founding (together with his long-time collaborator, Amos Tversky, who died in 1996) the academic discipline now known as behavioral economics. Carl Wernicke From this academic perch, Fahrenberg exerted a major influence on psychology throughout the German-speaking world and beyond. Cosmides has stated that one reason for casting such a wide net is to illustrate how fruitful and productive evolutionary psychology analyses can be. She is currently Professor of Organizational Behavior in the Faculty of Hautes tudes Commerciales, or HEC (which is to say, the Business School), of the University of Lausanne. Kahneman and Tversky felt that rational choice theory was unrealistic, and they set out to develop more empirically adequate models by making the more realistic assumption of bounded rationality. One of the earliest textbooks in the new field, The Principles of Psychology by William James (1890), argues that the scientific study of psychology should be grounded in an understanding of biology: Bodily experiences, therefore, and more particularly brain-experiences, must take a place amongst those conditions of the mental life of which Psychology need take account. Together with John Tooby, Cosmides co-founded and co-directs the Center for Evolutionary Psychology at UC-Santa Barbara. On experimental and theoretical grounds, Tulving predicted that two distinct modules must exist within the overarching memory system: episodic memory, which is our ability to remember faces, places, objects, and so on that are familiar to us, as well as events that have occurred to us in the past; and semantic memory, which is our ability to recall linguistically mediated facts, such as names and dates, meanings of words and concepts, historical events, and so forth. It is sometimes alternatively called "psychophysiology," and in recent years also "cognitive neuroscience." He is currently Professor of Developmental Psychopathology at University College London. Later, Goleman worked primarily as a literary journalist and freelance writer. She is currently University Distinguished Professor of Psychology at Northeastern University, where she heads up the Interdisciplinary Affective Science Laboratory(IASL). Dualism is a family of views about the relationship between mind and physical matter. Miller was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1965. In addition to personality psychology, his ideas have been influential in the fields of business management and education. Parkinson's Disease, a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's motor skills and speech. In 2006, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada (OC), that countrys highest civilian honor. In 2016, the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) bestowed upon him its prestigious Atkinson Prize. Carefully designed behavioral experiments and innovative biomedical techniques have been essential to its progress. Other topics he has studied over the years include the influence of families and schools on child development, reading disorders, and the comparative importance of genetic and environmental factors on normal and pathological development. Moreover, his peers have bestowed upon him an enormous number of prizes, awards, grants, fellowships, distinguished lectureships, honorary degrees, and other honors. He is undoubtedly best known as the person primarily responsible for the cognitive approach to therapy for depression, which in its modern form of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has become the gold standard for the clinical treatment of depression, with a much higher success rate than other types of psychotherapy. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvanias Perelman School of Medicine, as well as President Emeritus of the Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Rejoice in how things are. Nadels work on the neurological bases of Down Syndrome has led to novel therapeutic interventions that have enhanced the quality of life of Down patients, and for which he has received recognition in the form of the National Down Syndrome Societys Award for Research and the Sisley-Lejeune International Prize for Research on Intellectual Disability. His main conclusions center around the importance of the social environment for the successful enculturation of the growing child, which in turn is crucial to the childs success and happiness in life. This idea was called rational choice theory (or expected utility theory). Each year, the National Research Council lists over one hundred research doctorate programs in neuroscience in the United States. Gilbert works at the intersection of social psychology and cognitive psychology, with a focus on the way in which cognitive biases regarding the projected impact of individual choices on happiness (affective forecasting) may have wide-ranging societal and political implications.